Factors affecting the sensitivity to insulin of diaphragm and adipose tissue in obese mice and their lean littermates

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North-South trade and the dynamics of the environment, Chapter 2.2

This paper develops a dynamic model of North-South trade in which environment plays an important role. Our model is based on Chichilnisky North-South model for the macroeconomic interaction between two sectors of the world economy. The latter was introduced in a static context. We introduce dynamics in the original North-South model by allowing endogenous accumulation of capital. As a second extension of [1], we introduce here a variable which represents the system of property rights on the environmental asset which is used as an input to production. This could represent, for example, the property rights on forests from which wood is extracted to be used as an input to the production of traded goods or the property rights on water which is similarly used, perhaps for agricultural goods for export. The paper explains mathematically and through simulations the dynamics of a two-region world. There are two produced goods and two inputs to production. We show that as we vary the property rights of the environment the dynamics of the system changes. The less well defined are the property rights, the more chaotic are the model's dynamics.north-south trade; property rights; environmental assets

Nestboxes as habitat for insects, especially for flies and their parasitoids

Aus Nistkästen wurden nach dem Ausfliegen der Vögel etwa 500 Nester entnommen und die darin vorhandenen Insekten herausgesucht oder mit einem Eklektor abgesammelt. Die gefundenen Arten lassen sich den in Nestern bekannten Gilden zuordnen: Parasiten, Saprophage, Räuber oder Parasitoide (Schlupfwespen i.w.S. und Raupenfliegen). Für die cyclorrhaphen Dipteren und ihre Parasitoide wird ein Nahrungsnetz als Bild eines Teils der Choriozönose im Vogelnest dargestellt. Es konnten 32 Arten in 10 Familien gefunden werden. Nidikol sind die Vogelblutfliegen (Protocalliphora azurea, Calliphoridae) mit ihrem Parasitoiden (Nasonia vitripennis, Pteromalidae), der durchschnittlich 40% der Puparien abtötet und dadurch für die Vögel eine besondere Bedeutung hat. Eine zweite Vogelblutfliegenart (P. falcozi) konnte nur in Süddeutschland gefunden werden. Bei dieser Art ist der größte Teil der Puparien mit einer Hülle aus Nistmaterial vor der Parasitierung geschützt. Die wenigen nicht geschützten Puparien werden ähnlich häufig parasitiert wie die von P. azurea. Zwei weitere Parasitoide (Dibrachys cavus und D. lignicola, Pteromalidae) konnten in Puparien von Raupenfliegen (Triarthria setipennis und Ocytata pallipes, Tachinidae) gefunden werden, die ihrerseits als Parasitoide in Ohrwürmern (Forficula auricularia, Forficulidae) leben. Die Arten der Nahrungskette Ohrwurm → Raupenfliege → Dibrachys gehören zu einer anderen Choriozönose, die sich in Verstecken bildet und sich im Nistkasten mit der der Nester überschneidet. Bei den Flöhen (Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllidae) konnte das Verlassen des Nestes nach dem Ausfliegen der Jungvögel bis zur folgenden Brutsaison mit einem Eklektor ermittelt werden. Im Herbst erscheinen zunächst die im Nest vorhandenen adulten Flöhe, im folgenden Frühjahr die Individuen der neuen Generation. Die in Nistkästen gefundenen saprophagen Insekten werden erstaunlich wenig parasitiert. Sie fressen Mikroorganismen und sind am Abbau des Nistmaterials beteiligt. In Nistkästen spielen sie allerdings eine untergeordnete Rolle, weil das Nistmaterial normalerweise entfernt wird. Es wird diskutiert, dass sie in natürlichen Höhlen eine Bedeutung beim Abbau des Nistmaterials haben. Die Wirkung der Keratin fressenden Arten, die Haare und Federn abbauen, wird an Hand von Fängen der Kleistermotte (Endrosis sarcitrella, Oecophoridae) gezeigt.The insect fauna from about 500 nest boxes was investigated after the birds had left the nests. The insects were collected out of the nest material or were captured with an emergence trap. All species found belong to the known guilds: Blood sucking parasites, saprophagous species, predators or parasitoids. The foodweb of the cyclorrhaphous flies and their parasitoids is shown as a part of the choriocoenosis in the nests. 32 species of 10 fly families were found. The bird blow fly Protocalliphora azurea (Calliphoridae) and its parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Pteromalidae) are nidicole species. The parasitoid kills about 40% of the blow fly puparia which is an advantage for the birds. A second blow fly P. falcozi was only found in Southern Germany. This species wraps most of the puparia with material of the nest which protects them from parasitism. The unwrapped puparia suffer a similar infestation as P. azurea. Two more parasitoids (Dibrachys cavus and D. lignicola, Pteromalidae) were found in the puparia of two tachinid flies (Triarthria setipennis and Ocytata pallipes) which are parasitoids of the common European earwig (Forficula auricularia, Forficulidae). The food chain earwig → tachinid fly → Dibrachys spp. belongs to another choriocoenosis which describes the fauna of the earwig shelters. It overlaps in the nest box with the choriocoenosis of the nidicole insects. The catches of fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllidae) with an emergence trap show that the adult fleas leave the box during autumn and winter. The new generation emerges in springtime of the following year. Many species of saprophagous insects live in the nest. They suffer very low parasitism rates. The insects feed on microorganisms and contribute to the destruction of the nest material. Normally this has no effect in nest boxes because these are cleaned whereas the saprophagous species may be important in natural holes. The effect of the keratin feeding White-shouldered House-moth (Endrosis sarcitrella, Oecophoridae) is demonstrated

Some factors influencing efficient production of sows

Cover title.Includes bibliographical references

An Asynchronous Scheme for the Distributed Evaluation of Interactive Multimedia Retrieval

Evaluation campaigns for interactive multimedia retrieval, such as the Video Browser Shodown (VBS) or the Lifelog Search Challenge (LSC), so far imposed constraints on both simultaneity and locality of all participants, requiring them to solve the same tasks in the same place, at the same time and under the same conditions. These constraints are in contrast to other evaluation campaigns that do not focus on interactivity, where participants can process the tasks in any place at any time. The recent travel restrictions necessitated the relaxation of the locality constraint of interactive campaigns, enabling participants to take place from an arbitrary location. Born out of necessity, this relaxation turned out to be a boon since it greatly simplified the evaluation process and enabled organisation of ad-hoc evaluations outside of the large campaigns. However, it also introduced an additional complication in cases where participants were spread over several time zones. In this paper, we introduce an evaluation scheme for interactive retrieval evaluation that relaxes both the simultaneity and locality constraints, enabling participation from any place at any time within a predefined time frame. This scheme, as implemented in the Distributed Retrieval Evaluation Server (DRES), enables novel ways of conducting interactive retrieval evaluation and bridged the gap between interactive campaigns and non-interactive ones

Note and Comment

Notes on recent cases and letters to the Law Review

Foundations of Mechanics, Second Edition

Preface to the Second Edition. Since the first edition of this book appeared in 1967, there has been a great deal of activity in the field of symplectic geometry and Hamiltonian systems. In addition to the recent textbooks of Arnold, Arnold-Avez, Godbillon, Guillemin-Sternberg, Siegel-Moser, and Souriau, there have been many research articles published. Two good collections are "Symposia Mathematica," vol. XIV, and "Géométrie Symplectique el Physique Mathématique," CNRS, Colloque Internationaux, no. 237. There are also important survey articles, such as Weinstein [1977b]. The text and bibliography contain many of the important new references we are aware of. We have continued to find the classic works, especially Whittaker [1959], invaluable. The basic audience for the book remains the same: mathematicians, physicists, and engineers interested in geometrical methods in mechanics, assuming a background in calculus, linear algebra, some classical analysis, and point set topology. We include most of the basic results in manifold theory, as well as some key facts from point set topology and Lie group theory. Other things used without proof are clearly noted. We have updated the material on symmetry groups and qualitative theory, added new sections on the rigid body, topology and mechanics, and quantization, and other topics, and have made numerous corrections and additions. In fact, some of the results in this edition are new. We have made two major changes in notation: we now use f^* for pull-back (the first edition used f[sub]*), in accordance with standard usage, and have adopted the "Bourbaki" convention for wedge product. The latter eliminates many annoying factors of 2. A. N. Kolmogorov's address at the 1954 International Congress of Mathematicians marked an important historical point in the development of the theory, and is reproduced as an appendix. The work of Kolmogorov, Arnold, and Moser and its application to Laplace's question of stability of the solar system remains one of the goals of the exposition. For complete details of all tbe theorems needed in this direction, outside references will have to be consulted, such as Siegel-Moser [1971] and Moser [1973a]. We are pleased to acknowledge valuable assistance from Paul Chernoff, Wlodek Tulczyjew, Morris Hirsh, Alan Weinstein, and our invaluable assistant authors, Richard Cushman and Tudor Ratiu, who all contributed some of their original material for incorporation into the text. Also, we are grateful to Ethan Akin, Kentaro Mikami, Judy Arms, Harold Naparst, Michael Buchner, Ed Nelson, Robert Cahn, Sheldon Newhouse, Emil Chorosoff, George Oster, André Deprit, Jean-Paul Penot, Bob Devaney, Joel Robbin, Hans Duistermaat, Clark Robinson, John Guckenheimer, David Rod, Martin Gutzwiller, William Satzer, Richard Hansen, Dieter Schmidt, Morris Kirsch, Mike Shub, Michael Hoffman, Steve Smale, Andrei Iacob, Rich Spencer, Robert Jantzen, Mike Spivak, Therese Langer, Dan Sunday, Ken Meyer, Floris Takens, [and] Randy Wohl for contributions, remarks, and corrections which we have included in this edition. Further, we express our gratitude to Chris Shaw, who made exceptional efforts to transfom our sketches into the graphics which illustrate the text, to Peter Coha for his assistance in organizing the Museum and Bibliography, and to Ruthie Cephas, Jody Hilbun, Marnie McElhiney, Ruth (Bionic Fingers) Suzuki, and Ikuko Workman for their superb typing job. Theoretical mechanics is an ever-expanding subject. We will appreciate comments from readers regarding new results and shortcomings in this edition. RALPH ABRAHAM, JERROLD E. MARSDEN</p

Note and Comment

New Trials for Technical Errors - A witness called to testify is presumed to be of good character. Hence no proof of it is necessary. But out of abundant caution this presumption is fortified by evidence. The witness is thus shown to be in fact exactly what the law presumes him to be. Result-the case is reversed for the commission of this grave and prejudicial error.-Lockett v. State (Ark. 1918), 207 S. W. 55